Essay about The Cycle of Socialization - 1111 Words

When one takes a good look at our society, it is clear that it is purely dominated by the messages that are constantly fed to us by the media. The media is so powerful that a majority of people do not even realize that it affects them in any way. In fact most people are convinced that they are completely unaffected by it. One of the reasons that the media is so powerful is because of the cycle of socialization. The cycle of socialization can open ones eyes to why our society has specific views of people from other cultures, races, and genders. The cycle of socialization can help us understand the current situation in our†¦show more content†¦The type of people who are part of the agent group are whites, men, upper-class citizens, heterosexuals, etc; According to Harro, â€Å"Agents have relatively more social power, and can â€Å"name† others. They are privileged at birth, and ascribed access to options and opportunities, often without realizing it† (p. 17). Targets on the other hand include women, lower- class citizens, racially oppressed groups, non- heterosexuals, persons with disabilities, Jewish people, etc; It is safe to assume that those who are part of the target group have a completely opposite experience in comparison to the agents. According to Harro, â€Å"Some target groups are virtually invisible while others are defined by misinformation or very limited information. Targets are disenfranchised, exploited, and victimized by prejudice, discrimination, and other structural obstacles† (p. 17). The next part of the cycle of socialization has everything to do with the things we learn from the people in our lives, and the media. In school we get this idea of what girls are supposed to do, and what boys are supposed to do. On the news we see the same type of people on the wanted posters, and being arrested for serious crimes. It’s extremely rare to see a white person being arrestedShow MoreRelatedThe Cycle Of Socialization ( C.o )1549 Words   |  7 Pages1) Define describe the Cycle of Socialization (C.O.S), the Cycle of Liberation (C.O.L). Explain how they relate to how Hip Hop has been shaped, giving two examples from either reading and/or in class. - The Cycle of Socialization is the cycle in which shapes who we are mentally, morally, and characteristically. The first step in the COS, is the Lens of Identity. This is where the person is socialized through their own personal lens, or they are taught on a personal level. Examples of this isRead MoreCycle Of Socialization Essay710 Words   |  3 PagesHarro’s Cycle of Socialization. What have been key influences in your own socialization as a racial/ethnic being? The Harro reading notes that the cycle of socialization is a â€Å"pervasive† one (Harro, 2000, pg. 15). As such, it is expected that there will be many sides and sources involved in both facilitating and influencing this process. Upon reflection, I can say that this has indeed been true of how I have been socialized as a racial/ethnic being. In consideration of the â€Å"First Socialization† stageRead MoreCycle of Socialization Essay examples982 Words   |  4 PagesThe cycle of socialization is a process through which social identities are created, and in effect, each individual represents and is affected by their social identity. According to the cycle of socialization, the first stop in the socialization process is outside of one’s control—one is socialized even before they are born. Our social identities are predetermined, and we are born in a world with roles, rules, and assumptions already in place. Our family and role models teach these rule s and rolesRead MoreThe Cycle Of Socialization By Bobby Harro998 Words   |  4 PagesBobby Harro’s The Cycle of Socialization she explains the process in which one goes through to be socialized, or taught to behave in a way that is socially acceptable according to the resources that have socialized that particular person. I’m an atheist, a person who lacks belief in gods or religion. Now I wasn’t brought up that way, so how did I end up an atheist? Well through applying The Cycle of Socialization I can explain the process I went through to get to where I am today. The BeginningRead MoreAmerican History : American Beauty1360 Words   |  6 Pageswrong to create new ways of living. The Cycle of Socialization describes how a person can get stuck in the cultural norms and the the Cycle of Liberalization shows the process of someone breaking free from stereotypes and creating a new path for their life. The cycle of Socialization/ Liberation is displayed in all families. The family structure in the film American Beauty will be used as an example of the the above stated cycles. The Cycle of Socialization displays how we are born into a certainRead MoreRape Culture, Rapth, And The Cycles Of Social Justice1644 Words   |  7 PagesThe ways in which our society envisions rape culture, racism and wealth, and the cycles of socialization and liberation have been an ongoing challenge throughout history. Social justice and community is all about making the society we live in function better by providing the support and tools to help change the world. Most people understand social justice as a way of pursuing equality, but the issue is rooted within each individual and requires each individual to be a change in society. Gaining socialRead MoreSocialisation After Adolescence Essay1426 Words   |  6 PagesEssay Summary 1) Adult socialization is a time of learning new roles and statuses. 2) Peer Groups are strong socializing agents for adolescents who are still trying to find their own identity. 3) Radio, television, cinema, newspapers, magazines, music, and the Internet are powerful agents of socialization. 4) The state almost shapes our life cycle. 5) School plays a major role in socializing adolescents. It is a place of education where the individual learns to socialize with both authorityRead MoreSociology Studies On Social And Institutions Of The Individual And Groups1170 Words   |  5 Pagesa place where most of our knowledge come from. There is formal education, including reading, writing, and math skills. However, this setting also teaches and enforces morals, ethics, and values. Sociologists are interested how this setting of socialization affects other structures of society. Such as economics, culture, deviance, social movements, ect. Sociologist are also interested in the effects of socioeconomic status of students and how it affects their education. As research shows, studentsRead MoreGender Socialization Is The Aspect Of Socialization1492 Words   |  6 PagesGender socialization plays a part in pay gap within societies and America today. Gender socialization instills thoughts, behaviors, and attitudes into individuals throughout the lifespan. As a result, the outcomes of gender socialization, not only, prepares society for pay gap, but also prepares individuals to implement a gap in pay in relation to gender throughout societies. The discussion that ensues explains gender socialization and the impacts this has on, both, individuals and society in generalRead MoreCultural Autobiography : My Life Essay1556 Words   |  7 Pagesthe reinforcement of such roles in behaviors of other people in the society, I began to conceive how tasks were assigned differently according to gender. In article The Cycle of Socialization, Bobbie Harro points out how we are socialized to different social identities that we possess (47). Harro adds that first socialization is a process by which our families and relatives and other close members shape our â€Å"self concepts and self-perceptions, the norms and rules we must follow†¦ and the behaviors

Discuss The Article ‘Reinforcing The Myth Constructing

Discuss the article ‘Reinforcing the myth: Constructing Australian identity in â€Å"reality TV† ’. The main contention in Price Erma’s article ‘ Reinforcing the myth: Constructing Australian identity in â€Å"reality TV† ’ which published online on May 2010, is to portray the myth of Australian identity shows in TV that there is a balance to measure how much is true, how much is false. Erma leads the reader to understand that the myth is against ‘reality TV’ because there always has tension between ideas of credibility and performance even TV shows are based on ‘real’ situations or people’s everyday life. Furthermore Erma demonstrates the utilization of mainstream Australian mythic, in ‘reality’ formats toward charting story what s more character†¦show more content†¦[Google Scholar]. , xi) Also posited likewise liminal, iconoclasm what s more oppositional to Australian narratives. Erma also demonstrates that although ‘reality TV’ find a good balance between Australian myth and televisio n, but there still a lot of negative comments on ‘reality TV’. Because there are huge limitations before camera, such as cannot speak dirty words and talk about sex. Therefore, TV shows turn these facts into fiction, the audience cannot see Australian identity and myth through television, which they expect, so the audience does not like this kind of televisions. Thus, Australian ‘reality’ formats bring advanced about whether as stated by crowd Notoriety and for an acceptable concentrate on reflecting parts about national society furthermore character. Erma uses Bondi Rescue (Cordell Jigsaw) likewise a sample, it clearly shows the relationship between ‘reality TV’ and Australian myth which is well represented Australian myth and reinforce Australian identity and television. In Erma’s article, she uses a lot of media methods to support her analysis of why ‘ reality TV’ will arise problems of Australian myth and television programs. Firstly, according to Uncovering Mythology (Media Content p.63), the reader understands that in addition to denotation and connotation, Barthes (1972) spoke of a third request of meaning: mythology or myth. Myths need aid more extensive sets of social presumptions and convictions evoked andShow MoreRelated The Influence of Popular Culture on Societys Self-Perception2846 Words   |  12 Pagesyounger consumers of cheaper goods, and pictures of stereotypically attractive teenagers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The second magazine I will be discussing is Complete Woman. This magazine is aimed at a slightly older audience and includes more mature and in depth articles that focus on sex, dating, commitments, and love. The cover stories include â€Å"Men, Sex, and You: Real Men Tell You How to Push Their Pleasure Buttons†, â€Å"Ten Ways to†¦Have a Lust-Worthy Body†, â€Å"Sex and Love Guide†, â€Å"Dare-to-Wear Lingerie†, and â€Å"MakeRead MoreCommon Knowledge : How Companies Thrive by Sharing What They Know56617 Words   |  227 Pagesorganization put to use in another part of the organization. Three Myths Pervading the idea of knowledge sharing are three myths. Perhaps myth is the wrong termmaybe they are just assumptions that seem reasonable at first glance, but when acted on send organizations to a dead end. Many of the organizations I studied started with one or more of these assumptions and then had to make corrections to get back on track. The three myths are (1) build it and they will come, (2) technology can replace face-to-faceRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 PagesWashington Post Writers Group for an extract from ‘McDonald’s Goes for Gold With Olympic Sponsorships’ published in The Washington Post 14th August 2004  © 2004, The Washington Post. Reprinted with Permission; Mr. Andrew Bibby for an extract from his article ‘Home Start’ published in People Management 10th January 2002; SAGE Publications Inc. for an extract from The Post Bureaucratic Organisation: New Perspectives on Organisational Change by C. Hecksher and A. Donnellon, Reprinted by Permission of SageRead MoreSSD2 Module 1 Notes31223 Words   |  125 Pagestune someone out because you do not like the person or because you are bored or simply tired. However, many times your poor performance as a listener may be involuntary. To gain more insight into the reasons for poor listening, let s explore three myths which are generally known, are also generally in error, and which have obscured an understanding of the listening process. Myth1: Listening is a natural process. If you believe that listening occurs naturally, like breathing, then it follows thatRead MoreStrategy Safari by Mintzberg71628 Words   |  287 Pagesbeast. Each forms one school of thought. These ten chapters are framed by this first chapter, which introduces the schools as well as some ideas about strategy itself, and a last chapter which returns to the whole beast. Why Ten? In a colorful article entitled The Magic Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two: Some Limits on Our Capacity for Processing Information, psychologist George Miller (1956) asked why we tend to favor a quantity of about seven for categorizing things—for example seven wondersRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesEthical Behavior 22 Coming Attractions: Developing an OB Model 23 An Overview 23 †¢ Inputs 24 †¢ Processes 25 †¢ Outcomes 25 Summary and Implications for Managers 30 S A L Self-Assessment Library How Much Do I Know About Organizational Behavior? 4 Myth or Science? â€Å"Most Acts of Workplace Bullying Are Men Attacking Women† 12 An Ethical Choice Can You Learn from Failure? 24 glOBalization! Does National Culture Affect Organizational Practices? 30 Point/Counterpoint Lost in Translation? 31 QuestionsRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagestraditional lecture/discussion format, we are sometimes asked this question by students, especially those who have relatively little work experience. Reason #1: It focuses attention on what effective managers actually â€Å"do. † In an influential article, Henry Mintzberg (1975) argued that management education had almost nothing to say about what managers actually do from day to day. He further faulted management textbooks for introducing students to the leading theories about management while ignoringRead MoreLibrary Management204752 Words   |  820 Pages . . . . 36 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 3—Change—The Innovative Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Factors Promoting Change . . . . . . . Empowerment—An Agent of Change Paradigm Shift—Myth or Reality . . . Organizing for Change . . . . . . . . . . . Diagnosing Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . Libraries as Open Systems . . . . . . . Resistance to Change . . . . . . . . . . . Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 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His primary contribution as a scholar has been his ability to apply economic theory to problems of accounting practice, thereby informing our u nderstanding of the Weld. He wrote The Economics of Capital Budgeting

Curriculum free essay sample

Tab looks at exploring the curriculum and asks why our courses look the way they look. How they may have developed and how we can understand our courses better In order to help improve the quality of our students learning. It also covers deflations of curriculum The curriculum Is a formal course of study as at a college, university or training provider This Is a definition with which I agree, or It Is the public form of attempting to put an educational idea into practice which shows just a few diverse set of definitions.The definitions range from showing and making an impact to the teacher and training planning and also with the planning across my college. Key issues in defining curriculum include statements of what is to be learned, pointers as to the outcomes of this learning and explanations about the vision behind the curriculum. It has begun to expose and consider our own ideas about curriculum. We will write a custom essay sample on Curriculum or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Godson (1 994, quoted in Remarriage, et al 1 999) makes the interesting point that, while curriculum development and Implementation have been written about by so many people, the more fundamental Issues of curriculum function, who constructs It, why and for who have been more neglected. This Is something which I have often questioned myself. Wilson (2009) discusses the context of Widening Participation within the curriculum and how In this design of curriculum the requirements of groups are and was then considered.In some cases Education may need to be taken into other settings and contexts such as prisons or detention centre, the curriculum would then need to be adapted to suit this particular group of learners. The curriculum of delivering say mechanicals such as curriculum that hey offer within other colleges that I am now aware of, would need to be adapted in prison to take consideration and understanding of the tools and equipment such as sharp pillars that may be involved.The work of Wilson (2009) emphasizes the curriculum choices In the FEE (Further Education) sector are now principally Influenced by funding and that funding is now a strong need Into how curriculum Is given. The funding bodies research that sociality requires employment and social need. Coffined (2008, pop) suggests that not everything demanded c an be afforded and argues the question who is making the demand.

Saint Benedict free essay sample

Saint Benedict Saint Benedict leading others in a life of service to God The life of Saint Benedict dramatically shaped Christianity development through the impacts of Benedicts Law on monarchism and my ministry today. Saint Benedict was born in about the year 480 AD. Many of the milestones in Benedict’s life are approximations as is the year of his birth. The only dated event of his life was in 542 AD when he was visited by a king at Monte Cassino. We know that he was an older man when he was visited by this king because he died shortly after the visit. St. Benedict was born in Nursia which is now Norcia in the province of Ubbria. Many believe his father was a Roman noble. We do not know the names of Benedict’s father and mother. Benedict had a twin sister named Scholastica, who is also a saint. When Benedict came of age he was sent to school in Rome to learn to be a noble man. We will write a custom essay sample on Saint Benedict or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He became very disillusioned with the corruption in Rome and with the lack of discipline he noticed from his peers. He left Rome and his education in order to live in solitude and discern God’s will. When Saint Benedict left Rome in 500 AD, he travelled to Subiaco and lived as a hermit in a cave in the mountains. His nurse was with him and cared for him. It is reported that he was fed by a raven from time to time. The only visitor that came to his cave during his three years was a monk named Romanus that he met on his way up to the cave. The monk also brought Benedict food because he knew where Benedict was hiding and would lower food down into the cave for him. It is believed that shepherds began to visit Saint Benedict and witnessed miracles he performed. Upon the death of their leader a local abbot convinced Saint Benedict to be the head of his monastery. He was knew that he had high standards with regards to discipline and was reluctant to become head. He took the position as leader as an experiment. After a short while the other monks became jealous of Benedict and tried to poison Benedict with wine. It is recorded that as soon as the glass of wine was put into Benedict’s hand it crumbled. Benedict then retreated back into solitude (Abbey 1-10). Benedict’s reputation of being a holy man had been spread by shepherds and other locals and soon there were twelve monasteries that each had a superior and twelve other monks following his rule of life. Benedict lived at a thirteenth monastery with a few monks that he felt would be better instructed by him. These monasteries built schools for children and became a refuge with all the unrest in Rome. Many Roman noble and religious men committed their children to be taught the way of life in service to God by Benedict. Two of Benedict’s students were St. Placid and St. Maurus. Saint Gregory records a miracle involving these two students. When Placid was sent to get water he fell into the lake and was swept away by a strong current. Benedict was sent a vision from God of what had happened. He sent for Maurus and asked him to go and rescue Placid. Maurus ran to Placid and walked on water in order to pull Placid out of the water by his head. Placid said that he did not see Maurus when he was pulled out of the water only the hood of an abbot over his head. As word spread of these miracles, Florentius who was a priest became jealous of Benedict and sent him a gift of a loaf of poisoned bread. Benedict was warned by God that the bread was poisoned. Benedict commanded a crow that visited him daily to take the bread and hide it where no man could be harmed by the bread. Three hours later the crow returned and Benedict gave the crow the food as he always did. Benedict was distressed by this jealousy. About 529 Benedict moved his community to Monte Cassino, a hill 75 miles southeast of Rome and near the source of the Liris River. He and his monks demolished an old temple of Apollo replaced it with a chapel dedicated to St. Martin and one to Saint John the Baptist. This is also the site of the famous monastery that bears his name. It is very difficult to know what Benedict’s daily life consisted of in his monastery. The chronicler at the Monte Cassino only recorded the miracles of the monastery. The chronicler recorded that Benedict predicted the destruction of Monte Cassino. The only dated event of his life was in 542 when he was visited by King Totilla at Monte Cassino. The date generally given for Benedicts death is March 21, 547. He was buried at Monte Cassino next to his sister, St. Scholastica. Monte Cassino was destroyed in 589 (Butler 1-10). Benedict was considered the father of monasticism. The Benedictine Rule dominated religious life in the Middle Ages. Followers of St Benedict, were those who submitted to the monastic rule which he instituted. His rule was different that the others because it focused on balance. The Benedictine Rule is known for its moderation. The areas of food, drink and the length of common prayer are less demanding than the earlier rules which many believe is because in order to survive monks had to work more often. There were tough economic times after the Gothic War. In The Rule of Saint Benedict , Timothy Fry states: The Rule of Benedict manifests a certain liberalism and humanism, in the pristine sense of those terms. The author understands human nature, both its grandeur and its weakness, respects it and wants to facilitate its organic growth. He knows that human persons and their actions are of infinite variety and complexity, and that individual problems require individual solutions. (93) The Rule of Benedict recognizes the community over the individual and focuses on ordering the community. There is the idea that the monks in the monastery must obey the law, but the superior of consulting all the monks assembled in a council or chapter upon all important business. The abbot or superior was also elected by all the monks, whose liberty of choice was unrestricted. It is also noted that the theme of the law was inspirational yet realistic. In The Rule of Saint Benedict , Timothy Fry states: Saint Benedict shows an extraordinary of weakness, a compassion for those who fail or are troubled or distressed, a delicate patience even with the hard of heart. In this respect too, his Rule is deeply human and evangelical. (94) The Rule of Saint Benedict was written in order to govern monks that lived together in community. It gave a set of norms that included all types of laws and norms with regards to community living. It was written so that monks could live in harmony and service to God but is very inspirational to us today. Many people today use the spiritual guidance chapters of the rule as guides to Christian living. There are two parts of Saint Benedict’s rule that will be disciplines that I will use in my personal ministry: spiritual guidelines and hospitality. The first is Chapter four of the Rule. It is titled â€Å"Guidelines for Christian and monastic good practice†. As someone that intends to work in full time ministry I believe that this chapter will be one that I always reflect on in order to focus my priorities. My priorities should be to love God and then love my neighbor as myself. The next thing I should do is I should remember that it is not my will but God’s will that should be done. I need to remember not to get involved in worldly affairs or not to get involved in the politics of church but to keep God at the center. I should turn the other cheek when someone hurts me. I should also not boast but find all of my fulfillment in God alone. I think these guidelines will always helped me stay encourage while ministering to those in my congregation (Vogue 254-259; Fry 90-98). With regards to hospitality The Benedictine Handbook the contributors state: The greatest care should be taken to give a warm reception to the poor and to the pilgrims, because it is in them above all others that Christ is welcomed. As for the rich, they have a way of exacting respect through the very fear inspired by the power they yielded. 75) I feel called to be hospitable to individuals who live in the inner city. I have had the opportunity to begin contextual education at Eau Claire Baptist Church during this semester. The congregation has become dedicated to being wrapped in God’s love. As a reflection and a response to this love there are several programs I have been able to experience. There is a Tuesday night Bible study that focuses on Christian ethics. Many of the themes that are present in Saint Benedict’s Rule are themes of this Bible study. About one-fourth of the active members of the church have become involved in this study in order to really discern God’s call for this church. They are talking about how God call us to Christian action and that each of us needs God’s grace. This group has really talked about being sincere in thoughts and actions and I have noticed that the topics of this study are being discussed in many areas of the church. Eau Claire Baptist church has gone through a change in the last several years as the community around the church has changed. The church made the decision to pick up young men who are middle school and high school age students who are â€Å"at risk† individuals and bring them to church. The church has changed its traditional mission’s curriculum to meet the needs of these young men. The young men have a safe place and feel a part. I work with this group most often. I have visited their homes and I have played basketball with these boys. They have welcomed me with open arms and are really trying to learn about Christianity.

Indian National Congress free essay sample

These movements differed in the ways they achieved their goals. While China encompassed two major political powers, India had one. Both of these movements had a leading political figurehead. India met their independence through nonviolence, while China portrayed internal conflict. On the other hand, India encompassed only one major political party while China had two. Both movements raised political figures like Mao Zedong and Mahatma Gandhi. The path that India and China took towards independence were different. While India sponsored militant nonviolence, China lead a Civil War. India’s predisposition to nonviolence was inspired by its leader Mahatma Gandhi. On the other hand, the Guomindang and Communist Party in China sparked guerrilla warfare. India, unlike China, is seen by participating in hunger strikes and protests like â€Å"The walk to the sea†, while China’s early bitter fights lead to civil unrest by the Red Army and the Guomindang. Perhaps the reason for these differing paths is due to the fact that India is seen as a whole trying to free itself from foreign impression, while China’s internal political difference caused conflict leading to a civil war. We will write a custom essay sample on Indian National Congress or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page These countries have different paths to achieving their goals. While India only had one prominent major political party, China had two. India’s party was the Indian National Congress unlike China which had the Guomindang as well as the Communist Party of China (CPC). While the Indian National Congress represented about 75% of the population, the Chinese Guomindang and the Communist Party had split membership contributing to China’s internal conflict. While the singular major Indian National Congress focused on gaining independence the two views of China’s party conflicted with types of governing. This is perhaps due to the fact that India was majorly unified in religion through Hinduism while China had no central belief to unify them. Unlike each other, India had one major political party while China had two.

American Expansion essays

American Expansion essays American expansion to the Pacific was introduced to the people of the country by several different means. The reasons for expansion did not exclude Politics, economy, nor society. Primarily the contributions that that the rise of expansion can be attributed to include Manifest Destiny, land hunger, suspicion of British intentions as well as trade opportunities. Each was valuable, some more than others, to impel the wheels of expansionism to begin. The most important contributor to American expansion is Manifest Destiny. This term, developed by an American journalist basically state that America had a divine ( god-given) right to extend its power and civilization across the width of the North American continent. Perhaps it was the scattered missionaries in the Northwest, along with the introduction of Manifest Destiny made the idea of traveling thousands of miles, was, in fact worthwhile. Manifest Destiny was so important of an issue that the election and campaign of 1844. The Democrats were swayed by the idea and part of their campaign was that they should uplift their ennobling democratic institutions over the expanse of North America. The idea of God giving the population the right to expand their society could be accepted by God-fearing Christians, of which, most of the population was. They all could understand the idea of Manifest Destiny because it dealt with God, not property, wealth or social standing. It was an is sue that could allow people of all backgrounds to prosper. Land hunger was the second most important contributor to expansion. The land out in this wide open, western unknown was free! People wanted land because at this time land equaled wealth, and people who were not wealthy, could not buy land. This first come, first serve style allowed the people who were hungry for land to obtain it, even if they did not have the means by which to buy any land back east. This way they could even make a profi...

Assessment of the environmental impact of Electric Vehicles Essay

Assessment of the environmental impact of Electric Vehicles - Essay Example Source: Shim et al, 2009, Electric car-Tesla Roadstar Structure and Layout of the two vehicle systems In an electric engine the numbers of components is fewer in number and are simpler in configuration. If one were to trace back the line of components starting from the tyres, the wheel axle connected to the tyres is driven by a motor. Similar to controlling speeds by regulating the quantity of fuel, the accelerator controls the voltage input into the motor which thereby controls the speed of the vehicle. The whole setup is powered by a battery and which can be charged from an external power source by simply plugging on to it. (Markel Tony, 2007) Compared to the IC engine which had power sources taken from the same shaft drive it is essential that power for operating the air conditioner and water pump are taken from individual separate motors. The battery should be connected to the motor using a controller so that large starting torques is avoided. (Electric and Plug-in Hybrid Vehicle s, 2010) This can also bring a certain amount of automation in the working of the motor in regulating speed and bringing forth forward or backward motion. It also protects the motors from being subjected to high loads. A number of batteries are arranged in two slots and must be capable of generating 300V DC. (Basic Electric Car Engine Overview, 1999) The Internal combustion on the other hand has a number of components that are required for its efficient working. A four stroke combustion cycle in an Internal Combustion engine follows the Otto Cycle. (Basic Electric Car Engine Overview, 1999) The combustion and the power thus generated takes place in an enclosed space. This cycle has four strokes which namely are 1. Intake stroke- As the piston contained in the engine begins its downward stroke, the inlet valve opens admitting fresh air that has been mixed with gasoline in a certain ratio, into the system. 2. Compression- The cylinder moves up and compresses the air thereby increasing both its density and temperature. 3. Combustion – A spark plug located at the top introduces a spark into this charged mixture. The leads to the downward motion of the piston creating the power stroke. 4. Exhaust- The piston moves back upward thereby expelling the burnt gases outside providing space for fresh intake. Electric vehicles and aerodynamics It is true that the number of components of an electric car is lower than a traditional car and the profile of the electric car can be readily modified to increase its aerodynamic efficiency. However a point of concern is the weight of the batteries that would otherwise increase drag and lower aerodynamic efficiency. By installing an effective nose grille at the front of the car, the air that remains stagnated in the frontal region of the car around the motor and gearbox is rerouted to flow past these areas and thereby reduce drag. The La Chevrolet Malibu has shutters in the lower grille region that are controlled electronicall y and automatically. (Industry, Research and Energy, 2010) As the speed of the vehicle increases the shutters close to allow the air at high speeds to flow past the vehicle. This reduces drag and also gives an impetus to the aerodynamic quality of the vehicle. Fuel efficiency is also increased. (Markel Tony, 2007) In the Honda Civic which has a Hybrid variant has aerodynamic hubcaps that are fixed to the rear end spoilers. This has lead to a reduction of aerodynamic drag from 0.3 to 0.27. The overall effect of

Strategic Analysis of Intel Corporation Case Study

Strategic Analysis of Intel Corporation - Case Study Example The report makes five forces analysis to judge the extent of market study done in the company. A SWOT analysis of the company as it stands today after its highs and lows and the strengths of the competition are all analyzed. In addition to this, the BCG matrix is prepared to study the extent to which the products have been capitalized by the company. And in what manner the company could further capitalize on their products. Further to the analysis, the extent to which all the stake holders in the company have been taken into account in every one of their decisions is also verified. It has been found that though most of the requirements have been taken care of in the strategy that has been adopted by the company, there are certain inadequacies too. These have been identified and are also listed in the report given below. The major conclusions drawn in the course of this study indicates that strategy does work and that there should be an objective even if a certain amount of vagueness comes into fore during execution and might necessitate changes in the course of the work. Delight our customers, employees, and shareholders by relentlessly delivering the platform and technology advancements that become essential to the way we work and live. - Intel Corporation, Mission Statement (Intel, 2007). Intel says, delight is highe... True to the statement, the company has heralded some of the best and the latest products for the world to live with. 3.2 Business Objectives The company's business objectives can be listed as below (Intel 2007): Extend our silicon technology and manufacturing leadership Deliver unrivaled microprocessors and platforms Grow profitability worldwide Excel in customer orientation The company has extended the use of silicon technology by creating microprocessors that are trendsetters. They have kept with their business objectives worldwide and have profitability too. Customer orientation is another major area that they are working on. 3.3 Analysis The structure of operation in Intel is not very rigid. It is a structure that gives liberty to the people's innovation. This is more like what is common with small companies. However, as Andrew Groove (1999), its CMD, says, "The Company can literally turn on its heels". This is made possibly only if the involvement of the people in innovation is matched with the large extent of understanding of the operational requirements of the company. One, the structure supports innovation; two, the Company because of its need to match customer requirements, has ensured that the innovative structure would help in positioning itself as customer centric. Both these factors have added to the profitability of the company as well. 3.4 Product and market Share The major products of Intel and their market share is given in table 1. S No Products Intel Competitor 1 Microprocessors 80.2% 11.1% (AMD) 2 Chipsets 57% 15% (Via Tech) 3 Motherboards 30% 22% (ATI) 4 Desktop NA 5 Laptop NA * (Tom Krizot 2006, Anton Shilov 2006) Figure 1: Products by the company Though as a product Intel's laptops and desktops might not be doing brisk business, their

Social Media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Social Media - Essay Example Information sharing is considered as one of the major aspects of social media. The success of social media relies on the way people transmit and share information in an efficient manner (Panahi, Watson and Partridge, â€Å"Social Media and Tacit Knowledge Sharing: Developing a Conceptual Model†). Thesis Statement The report discusses the opinions of people on the usage of social media for sharing information. In order to understand the opinions about social media, two people have been interviewed on how they make use of social media for gaining information in one of the popular social networking sites named ‘Facebook’. The objective of the report is to recognize the importance of social media for sharing of information in present times. Information Sharing and Facebook Social media permits users to share their views, experiences, thoughts, understandings and perspectives effortlessly. Social media has opened new opportunities for users to involve in online groups and to develop media contents. Social media utilizes Web 2.0 application which has brought in a big revolution in the internet. Social media encourages sharing of information in a cooperative way. ... In these social networking sites people can establish relationships and influence social associations for sharing information and resources. In this context, it can be stated that Facebook is the biggest social networking site in the world (Wilson, Boe, Sala, Puttaswamy and Zhao, â€Å"User Interactions in Social Networks and their Implications†). It allows users to share basic information such as name, birthdate and other private interests. In Facebook, people use messaging applications in order to share information. Unlike other social networking websites, Facebook is developed by the model of networks which categorizes users to membership oriented groups. Users’ network membership enables to decide the type of information they can view and how their information is viewed by other people. Users can easily share photos and can post remarks (Wilson, Boe, Sala, Puttaswamy and Zhao, â€Å"User Interactions in Social Networks and their Implications†). Data Collectio n In order to understand the opinions of the people about information sharing in social media, two teenage students have been interviewed. The reason for selecting teenage students is that they are considered as the most active players in using social media and they also engage in social media activities frequently. Findings The interviewees were interrogated with close ended questions and open ended questions in order to understand their modes of using social media along with their thoughts about it for information sharing. The interview began with asking two questions concerning the frequency of using Facebook messaging and information sharing. It has been found that both interviewees use instant messaging on Facebook on a daily basis. With respect to sharing information both contribute

This Idea Of Sustainable Urban Planning Environmental Sciences Essay

This Idea Of Sustainable Urban Planning Environmental Sciences Essay The idea of urban planning and policy is to create and help define place within an urban environment. In doing so urban policy can help to construct and craft urban identity via the mechanisms of spatial construct, and the manipulation of activities within that space. Today urban policy making is tasked with providing new mechanisms that enable citizens, planners and policymakers to explore the ways in which we can plan and develop communities that meet the long-term human and environmental needs of our society [Wheeler and Beatly2004, pp 1]. This is the idea of delivering a sustainable city i.e an urban environment that is capable of meeting todays needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs [WCED1987 in Williams et al 2000, pp 3]. Achieving this idea of sustainability in urban planning and policy is not easy. The very idea of sustainability encompasses a broad and extensive range of inter-related issues that continues to challenge ingrained att itudes regarding relationships between culture, nature and governance [Mather 2005 pp 280]. Ebenezer Howards Garden City vision ideal offered a look at how sustainable urban policy may be realized and continues to offer important lessons for our contemporary policy decisions. Garden Cities of Tomorrow: This idea of sustainable urban planning is not a new subject, but is of growing importance in todays society on a global scale. In 1898 Ebenezer Howards Garden Cities of Tomorrow redefined urban planning by offering the first real insight into the ideas of sustainable urban planning and development. One of the single most influential and visionary books in the history of urban planning the Garden City vision outlined a strategy for addressing the problems of the industrial city in a more detailed fashion than had ever been attempted before. So influential was this work that two English garden cities were actually built in the early twentieth century, namely Letchworth and Welwyn, and the concept inspired the British New Town Programme that constructed eleven satellite cities around London between 1940s and 1960s [Wheeler and Beatly 2004, pp 11]. The book was seen as a revolutionary breakthrough in how planning is considered in an urban context, as it was the first set of ideas that r eally attempted to balance urban and rural developments. The Garden City concept still offers a vision that can be used to evaluate contemporary urban policy in its attempt to deliver modern sustainable cities on a worldwide scale [Wheeler and Beatly 2004, pp 11]. The Origins of the Garden City: The industrial revolution brought about rapid growth for urban areas, and with this growth a set of new problems for our town and country planners. As more and more people were drawn to urban centres in search of work and a better standard of living, the rapid expansion of our urban populations placed great strain on the infrastructure, housing and resources of our cities, which quickly became overcrowded, unsanitary, expensive and highly polluted and poorly serviced. Coupled with this was the continued fall in wages of our agricultural workforce that prohibited new building and development in our rural areas. These conditions precipitated a devastating cycle of urban migration that simply couldnt be controlled, and many people were faced with making the unfulfilling choice between living in a culturally isolated rural area or giving up nature to live in a city [Nair 2009]. As the industrial revolution continued unplanned, congested, polluted slums jammed with a newly impoverished ur ban proletariat began to characterise and dominate the landscape of nineteenth century industrial cities [LeGates and Stout 2007, pp 12]. As cities continued to expand in this fashion, so negative images began to be associated with our urban centres and the suburbs became characterised as a sprawling cancer of bricks spreading out across the British landscape [Jones and Evans 2008, pp 141]. Patterns of Modern Urban Growth: These patterns of growth seen in the UK during the industrial revolution mirror those that we are seeing in countries across the world as the developing nations begin to emerge on worldwide markets. The worlds urban population has more than doubled since 1950 and a recent about the growth of urban populations from the United Nations Population Division notes that half of the worlds population now lives in urban areas, and within the next 30 years, nearly two-thirds of the worlds population will live in urban areas [Rodrigue 2005, Vlahov et al 2007, pp 16]. These patterns of growth precipitate the same problems seen during the industrial revolution in the UK as rapid urbanisation continues to place too great a strain on urban resources. In the developing world, where most of the global urbanisation is to be observed, a large segment of that growth is into slums concentrated areas of disadvantage [Vlahov et al 2007, pp18]. These areas are characterized by lack of basic services, inade quate and often dangerous living environments, overcrowding, and poor sanitation. Urban policy needs to start considering how to turn these patterns of urban growth into something that can become sustainable for both our environment, and ensure that the needs of our society are met. Design of the Garden City: In What Ways is it Sustainable? Many have identified Garden Cities as examples of sustainable cities that can continue to offer key lessons for modern urban policy. In order for a city to be considered as a sustainable urban development its principle aims must be to create a user-friendly and resourceful area, not only in terms of its form and energy efficiency, but also its function as a place for living [Elkin et al 1991, pp 12]. Sustainable urban development also requires the achievement of urban development aspirations concerning inter and intra-generational equity via a stock of natural resources that should not be depleted beyond its regenerative capacity [Breheny 1992, pp 1]. From these ideas Smith et al 1998 established a list of sustainable urban principles which included Living off environmental interest rather than capital Acknowledging the idea of environmental thresholds and living within these Developing a sense of equity and social justice Forming inclusive procedures for decision making Howard saw the extreme overcrowding of early industrial cities with its accompanying problems of sanitation, services, pollution and public health as a growing issue of urban design. His Garden City concept was a response to this, with planned communities aimed at relieving both the overcrowding of cities and deprivation in the countryside. Founded with Letchworth, then Hampstead, Bourneville and Port Sunlight, the Garden City was an attempt to create a modern utopia in urban design [Campbell 2010]. Howard believed that creating new balance between city and country in which populations were decentralized into carefully planned new communities in the countryside would help to create a more sustainable urban landscape [Wheeler and Beatly 2004, pp 7]. The Howard vision was for Garden Cities to become self-contained co-operative settlements sustainable urban centres that could create networks of self sufficiency by creating a symbiotic relationship between urban and rural development. Garden Cities were to be defined by a radial planning style, with pre-defined zonation for public parks, private lawns, new forests and agricultural holdings. Commercial, residential and public use areas were to be clearly defined (as shown in figure 1) and wide arching roads and the idea of a radial rail network were incorporated to ease the burden on infrastructural requirements of urban areas. These urban developments were to become more than just a place to house a growing populous. They were to d esigned to be viable economic communities where industry, public buildings and housing would be carefully planned to create an environment on a human scale, where the built environment would be balanced with the natural [architecture.com]. Figure 1: Howards outline for an ideal Garden City [From Garden Cities of Tomorrow Howard 1902 Source: RIBA British Architectural Library]. When evaluating the design on this Garden City vision in relation to todays urban policy framework, it is clear where the ideas of sustainability are found. Howards vision incorporates vast areas of green space both landscaped for recreational use, and set aside for agricultural practices. Green spaces like these can be seen as both a social advantage but they are also invaluable carbon sinks in moving towards sustainable urban policy. Surrounded farmland creates an automatic market for local agriculture, which can be significantly more sustainable than conventional agriculture given its low transport emissions [Campbell 2010]. Pedestrian friendly cities, encouraging an increased focus on social conditions and a respect for our natural environment is a fairly modern approach to sustainable urban planning. Howards objective, in short was to raise the standard of health and comfort of all true workers of whatever grade the means by which these objects are to be achieved being a healt hy, natural, and economic combination of town and country life, and this on land owned by the municipality. His ideas received worldwide acclaim, with developments created in the UK, South Africa, the USA, and in Germany where the steel company Krupp, concerned about the low morals of badly housed workers, built the garden village of Margrethenhohe [Girardet 1996, pp 54]. Sustainable Development in Modern Urban Planning and Policy: The broad aims of sustainable development are now central to urban planning and public policy [Batty 2006, pp 29]. For the first 70 years on the twentieth century the designs and master plans for our modernist cities were focused on new development. Urban planning was focused on starting fresh building new cities stripped of the chaos of the nineteenth century city and the dull provincialism associated with Howards Garden City [Haughton and Hunter 2004, pp 105]. The Garden Cities were defined by their spatial zoning patterns with different areas designated different land uses (as shown in Figure 1). Current patterns of urban planning appear to be moving away from this approach as it became more considered that the most effective solution to achieving sustainable urban form was the implementation of the compact city idea. The compact city advocates the use of high-density mixed use urban form. Many planners preferential use of this urban form is attributed to the perceived advantage s of mix-use planning such as conservation of green-belt areas, reduction in commuter distances and the associated effects of reduced emissions, more efficient infrastructure and utility provision, and the revitalisation and regeneration of inner urban areas [Williams et al 2000, pp 19]. In essence many urban planners adopt and create mixed use developments in order to better achieve a long terms economic stability and to add to an areas vitality and vibrancy that could perhaps not be achieved with single use spatially defined development. There are obvious advantages to this approach when evaluated against the Garden City idea. Firstly there is a better use of brownfield development preserving Greenfield sites and protecting these areas from the threat of urban development. As a result of the growing importance of a sustainable approach to urban policy, brownfield sites have quickly become the key strategic target for meeting housing and development needs across our urban regions by re-using previously developed land. This was further emphasised by Planning and Policy Guidance Note 3 (2000), which set a target for local authorities of building 60% of new housing on brownfield sites [Jones and Evans 2008, pp 5]. Many urban policy makers would consider that new communities based on Greenfield development, show little regard to the long-term environmental impacts. The impacts of losing that land to urban development, as well sourcing materials, maintaining buildings, the environmental impact of the building itself, infr astructural developments is not really thoroughly built into the costs to our natural environment. In the wider view, however, the question of urban form is much more than simple density and brown/green choices it is about the spatial structure of human activities [Williams et al 2000, pp 255]. Garden Cities Lessons for Future Urban Policies: The Garden City style was cautious, pragmatic and designed to appear reasonable to the average citizen [Wheeler and Beatley 2004, pp 12]. Though Howards search for a balance between city and country life is still central to sustainable communities, the emphasis has shifted in many developed nations. Instead of the extreme dense nineteenth century city with a frequent shortage of decent housing, clean water, and basic sanitation, we now have relatively low-density, automobile-dependent suburbs with a much higher quality of housing and infrastructure but with many other problems [Howard and Beatly 2004, pp 12]. Even in developing countries the pragmatic application of the Garden City idea needs to be called into question. Howards garden settlements were based on the development of very low density housing. In his work Howard cites that the ideal population size for his new Garden Cities was to be 32,000 on a site of 6000 acres of available cheap rural land. Of this acreage 1000 acres w ould be reserved for the city itself, which would be surrounded by another 5,000 acres of green-belt farmland [Haughton and Hunter 2004, pp72]. These figures today are clearly not sustainable, however many overlook Howards vision of emerging social cities linked Garden Cities in a multi-centred metropolis interwoven with green space. This is shown in figure 2 which shows a central town of 58,000 is shown surrounded by six garden cities around its circumference, each with 32,000, providing a city of 250,000 people [Haughton and Hunter 2004, pp 72]. . Figure 2: The Garden City Complex from Garden Cities of Tomorrow: Taken from http://humanitieslab.stanford.edu/UrbanSustainability/943 Highlighted in both figure 1 and 2 is Howards idea of concentric road and rail networks. This idea is seen extensively in modern urban planning, where congestion problems are often eased via ring-road development. These have become an important attribute of the spatial structures of cities, notably in North America [Rodrigue 2005]. Howard was also interested in more than just the physical plans of a city; he also wanted to develop an urban centre where the shared ownership of land was encouraged. Howard wanted the Garden City to be socially, economically, as well as ecologically sustainable [Giradet 1996, pp 54]. While this idea had many merits, these ideas were formulated before cars became widespread and its implications understood. It also came before the huge wave of twentieth-century suburbinization turned Howards garden city idea into much-simplified garden suburbs and created a whole new set of development problems in the process. In recent years the presumption is for high de nsity and brown field development to be used as a sustainable model. Despite the sustainable ideas of the Garden City model did not quite created the modern urban utopia Howard had envisaged. Welwyn Garden City today is a city of 100,000 people and is considered as a Garden City of form rather than function. It serves mainly as a commuter city for London, and its agricultural belt never became a reality [Girardet 1996, pp 54]. Though not realised in its entirety the Garden City concept, of creating a spacious city in the garden has not been forgotten, and there is a strong continued desire to re-instate the countryside in inner cities in the hope of attracting people back to the city centre and to allow those who wish to do so to migrate to new purpose built garden cities, constructed on Greenfield sites [Giradet 1996, pp 170]. More importantly a lot of the ideas are coming from the urban community itself. The concept of urban permaculture (long-term crop growing in the city) has be come fashionable in countries such as Australia, the USA and Germany and there is a growing trend in maintaining sustainable lifestyles within our urban environments [Giradet 1996, pp 138]. Conclusions: The British Garden City experiments were hugely influential policy-expressions of concerns over the problems of large cities during the Industrial revolution [Haughton and Hunter, 2004, pp 73]. The rise of congested and unsanitary urban environments became of great concern, and urban planning became preoccupied with trying to develop ways of making urban development sustainable. Ebenezer Howard was revolutionary in this idea of sustainable growth. He envisioned humane, social, Garden Cities surrounded by greenbelts, encapsulating the idea of a new balance between our cities and our natural environments. These sorts of visionary or utopian writings help expand the framework of permissible ideas for a generation or more. Although mainstream thinkers tend to scorn idealism of all sorts, it has often been extremely influential and successful [Wheeler and Beatly 2004, pp 278]. So successful were the ideas and visions of Howards Garden Cities he lived to see several of them built, and thou gh his ideas never quite materialised beyond this time, his ideas about developing sustainable communities are should still be considered as the foundation of urban policy and planning today. Howard defines the mainstream of utopian tradition. His utopian vision may not have been realised in its entirety, but each had influence on the way contemporary cities, and city life, developed in the twentieth century [LeGates and Stout 2007, pp 300]. The question now, as at the turn of the nineteenth century, remains how to rethink this balance and achieve sustainable city development. The Garden City model, if re-applied in a modern context, could go a long way in helping urban policy makers achieve this goal.

Human Genome Project :: essays research papers

It all started back in 1953 with two men by the names of James D. Watson and Francis Crick when they discovered the double-helical structure of DNA. Little did they know they were opening the door to the creation of a perfect world. In 1986, the Human Genome Project, led up by the National Institution of Health(NIH), took a giant leap through this door. They began the long process of mapping out the entire genetic makeup of the human body. The main purpose of the HGP was originally for the use of preventing inherent diseases. However, as studies continue to progress, increased opportunities arise for genetically altering the unborn. You are now able to choose the sex of you child before they are born with great accuracy. What is on the horizon now, is the possibility of designing your child to be “perfect';. Over the years, there has been heated, ethical controversy on each of these issues, especially designer babies. How far will we let biotechnological discovery take us? What will come of the world if designer babies become standard procedure?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The earliest and maybe simplest use of genetic manipulation was in the selection of the sex of an unborn child. In Vitro Fertilization(IVF - A procedure in which a woman’s eggs are removed from her body, fertilized outside using sperm from her husband or another donor, and then transferred back to her body.) was originally limited to couples that were infertile. Even the use of IVF for the infertile was unheard of at one point. “But growing demand makes it socially acceptable, and now anybody who’s infertile demands IVF,'; says Lee Silver, a Princeton University biologist. Several years ago, fertility clinics announced the new possibility of sex selection. It was obviously an exciting breakthrough, but when these clinics were inquired about their results, they only had about a 50 percent success rate. “Its affluent clients could have achieved exactly the same outcome by leaving a note for the tooth fairy, requesting a girl or a boy';(Riddell). In the same way, there were many who were opposed to the idea at first especially with the results they were getting, but over time the procedures have been almost perfected and it has become socially acceptable.(Lemonick)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many issues have arisen from the possibilities sex selection will provide. In cultures where males are valued more than girls, such as China and India, assured sex selection could really throw off an already out of balance society. In the United States it may not be as likely for there to be a favored sex, generally speaking. In our case, it is more of a weighted

Ethics Chapter 1 Quiz

Appendix 2 Instructions: Click on the box in front of your selected answer. When completed, save and post as an attachment. 1. Which term is used to refer to a subordinate group whose members have significantly less control or power over their own lives than the members of a dominant group have over theirs? a. minority group b. majority group c. stratified group d. social group 2. In sociological terms, a majority is the same as a a. numerical minority. b. numerical majority. c. dominant group. d. subordinate group. 3. Members of a minority or subordinate group . generally marry outside their group. b. become a part of the group voluntarily. c. are political equals of the majority group. d. share physical or cultural characteristics that differ from the majority group. 4. All of the following are processes that may create subordinate groups except: a. immigration b. extermination c. annexation d. colonialism 5. Which term is used by sociologists to describe a group that is set apart from others because of obvious physical differences? a. social group b. ethnic group c. racial group d. formal group 6. Which of the following is considered a racial group? a. Puerto Ricans b. Jews c. African Americans d. all of these 7. The U. S. has used skin color as the standard for race designation with a. two categories: Black and White. b. an elaborate system describing various combinations of skin color, facial features, and hair texture. c. a continuum of most Black to most White. d. a focus on cultural differences. 8. Which term is used to describe a group that is set apart from others primarily because of its national origin or distinctive cultural patterns? a. ocial group b. ethnic group c. racial group d. formal group 9. Ethnicity refers to a. racial differences. b. differences in physical and mental characteristics. c. cultural differences. d. citizenship. 10. Which of the following is considered an ethnic group? a. Puerto Ricans b. Irish Americans c. Mexican Americans d. all of these 11. Which of the following is NOT considered an ethnic group? a. Puerto Ricans. b. Italian Americans. c. Muslims. d. Polish Americans. 12. African American sociologist W. E. B. DuBois said in 1900 that the century’s major problem would be . class differences. b. the color-line. c. wars. d. poverty and disease. 13. Subordinate groups include a. Roman Catholics. b. women. c. deaf people. d. all of these 14. The concept of race is a. determined by blood type. b. predicated by skin shade increments. c. biologically based on genetically isolated groups. d. socially constructed. 15. Races can be clearly distinguished on the basis of a. skin color. b. blood type. c. genetic resistance to malaria. d. none of these 16. Traditional IQ tests tend to be biased against a. lower-class people. b. rural residents. . racial minorities. d. all of these 17. The hierarchical system for possession of wealth, prestige, or power is called a. ethnic groups. b. stratification. c. age. d. functionalism. 18. Which of the following theoretical perspectives tends to emphasize how the multiple parts of soci ety are structured to maintain its stability? a. conflict theory b. functionalist theory c. macrosociological theory d. labeling theory 19. Which of the following perspectives on race and ethnicity tends to emphasize group tensions between the privileged and the exploited? a. onflict b. macrosociology c. microsociology d. functionalist 20. The conflict perspective emphasizes a. social change. b. the redistribution of resources. c. the exploitation of minorities by dominant groups. d. all of these 21. Exaggerated generalizations about the characteristics of members of a group that do not recognize individual differences within the group are known as a. stereotypes. b. pluralities. c. scapegoats. d. self-fulfilling prophecies. 22. Stereotypes are applied to a. gamblers. b. lesbians. c. people with disabilities. d. all of these 23. In certain situations, we may respond to stereotypes and act on them, with the result that false definitions become accurate. This is known as the a. functionalist theory. b. exploitation theory. c. self-fulfilling prophecy. d. authoritarian personality 24. The formation of a subordinate-group-dominant-group relationship emerges through a. annexation. b. colonialism. c. migration. d. all of these 25. Which term refers to the physical separation of two groups of people in terms of residence, workplace, and social functions? a. assimilation b. amalgamation c. segregation d. pluralism

buy custom Health Care Ethics essay

buy custom Health Care Ethics essay A life support applies to any form of therapy that can be used to sustain patients life while they are terminally ill. Many techniques may be used by clinicians achieve a life sustaining life. These may include mechanical ventilation, lung bypass, feeding tube among others. These techniques are mostly applied in Emergence Departments, Intensive care units as well as operating rooms Morrison (2009,p.21). Life support is used to sustain life while the patient is being treated for prognosis. The clinical goal of the process depends with specified patient situation Morrison (2009, p.20). Caring for people towards the end of their lives is one of the challenging and rewarding aspects in primary health care. This is because the proximity to death transforms the medical encounter. This calls upon both clinical and medical competence of the medical provider Morrison (2009, p.24). In this case, the patient had signed advanced health care directive form, only the agent of the patient can request for life support establishment. Otherwise the medical officer attending the patient should not establish life support.Besides, healthcare providers are required to address many potential ethical issues in the end of life support decision making process(2009,p.34). The advance health care directives were therefore meant to cater for the patient healthcare when the patient lacks competence in decision making capacity. The request by family members for life support to be established could not hold water. According to Morrison (2009) family members who are making choices for their loved ones "often have a sizable stake in how treatment decisions go, and their interests influence the decisions making, the orthodoxy regards the process as morally contaminated" (p. 203). In other words, family members may tend to make decisions about their loved ones life saving measures based on how it would benefit them and not based on the benefit of the patient. One issue that a health care provider would want to make sure of is that the person in charge of a patient's health care decisions is a competent and knowledgeable person. Another issue that a health care provider would want to address is making sure that the person who is making decisions on behalf of the patient has the priority to do so. For example, Morrison (2009, p.207) states that when it comes to making decisions on behalf of a patient there is a "descending order of priority: spouse, adult children, parents, siblings, and so on" (p. 208). A health care provider must make sure that the person determining the health care treatment for the patient indeed has the authority to do so, and if that person is not present, the health care provider must do everything in their power to reach this "priority" family member. If the patient had signed an advanced directive then the health care facility would have to honor the wishes of the patient and not those of the family. Morrison (209, p.224) lists seven "safeguards and guidelines for a policy on assisted death and a life support program. These guidelines must be met in order for patients in Oregon to be allowed to process with ending their life. It is evident that if a person is diagnosed with an incurable disease that people may be able to manipulate that individual into taking his or her own life Morrison (2009, p.225). For example, a person who has been diagnosed with an incurable disease who is competent, and who has given up on the will to live with the disease could be convinced by family members, physicians, or friends to consider physician-assisted suicide. The guidelines only focus on the patient and the physician; they do not involve interviewing family members to make sure that the idea of pursuing physician-assisted suicide was the sole idea of the patient and not the coercion of family members Morrison(2009,p.228). In addition, the guidelines say nothing about the patient's family even being aware of their family members deciding to embark on. Buy custom Health Care Ethics essay

Biography of Banastre Tarleton, British General

Biography of Banastre Tarleton, British General Banastre Tarleton (August 21, 1754–January 15, 1833) was a British Army officer during the American Revolution who became notorious for his actions in the southern theater of the war. He gained his reputation for brutality following the Battle of Waxhaws, where he reputedly had American prisoners killed. Tarleton later led part of Lieutenant General Lord Charles Cornwallis army and was crushed at the Battle of Cowpens in January 1781. Remaining active until the end of the war, he was captured following the British surrender at Yorktown that October. Fast Facts: Banastre Tarleton Known For: American RevolutionBorn: August 21, 1754 in Liverpool, EnglandParents: John TarletonDied: January 15, 1833 in Leintwardine, EnglandEducation: Middle Temple in London and University College at Oxford UniversityPublished Works:  A History of the Campaigns of 1780 and 1781, in the Southern Provinces of North AmericaSpouse(s): Mary Robinson (not married, long term relationship ca. 1782–1797) Susan Priscilla Bertie (m. December 17, 1798–his death in 1833)Children: Illegitimate daughter with Kolima, (1797–1801) Banina Georgiana Tarleton Early Life Banastre Tarleton was born August 21, 1754, in Liverpool, England, the third child of John Tarleton, a prominent merchant with extensive ties in the American colonies and the slave trade. John Tarleton served as the mayor of Liverpool in 1764 and 1765, and, holding a position of prominence in the city, Tarleton saw that his son received an upper-class education including studying the law at Middle Temple in London and University College at Oxford University. Upon his fathers death in 1773, Banastre Tarleton received 5,000 British pounds but promptly lost most of it gambling at Londons notorious Cocoa Tree club. In 1775, he sought a new life in the military and purchased a commission as a coronet (second lieutenant) in the 1st Kings Dragoon Guards. Taking to military life, Tarleton proved a skilled horseman and displayed strong leadership skills. Early Career In 1775, Tarleton obtained permission to leave the 1st Kings Dragoon Guards and proceeded to North America as a volunteer with Cornwallis. As part of a force arriving from Ireland, he took part in the failed attempt to capture Charleston, South Carolina in June 1776. Following the British defeat at the Battle of Sullivans Island, Tarleton sailed north where the expedition joined General William Howes army on Staten Island. During the New York Campaign that summer and fall he earned a reputation as a daring and effective officer. Serving under Colonel William Harcourt of the 16th Light Dragoons, Tarleton achieved fame on December 13, 1776. While on a scouting mission, Tarletons patrol located and surrounded a house in Basking Ridge, New Jersey, where American Major General Charles Lee was staying. Tarleton was able to compel Lees surrender by threatening to burn the building down. In recognition of his performance around New York, he earned a promotion to major. Charleston Waxhaws After continuing to provide able service, Tarleton was given command of a newly formed  mixed force of cavalry and light infantry known as the British Legion and Tarletons Raiders in 1778. Promoted to lieutenant colonel, his new command was largely comprised of Loyalists and at its largest numbered around 450 men. In 1780, Tarleton and his men sailed south to Charleston, South Carolina, as part of General Sir Henry Clintons army.   Landing, they aided in the siege of the city and patrolled the surrounding area in search of American troops. In the weeks before Charlestons fall on May 12, Tarleton won victories at Moncks Corner (April 14) and Lenuds Ferry (May 6). On May 29, 1780, his men fell upon 350 Virginia Continentals led by Colonel Abraham Buford. In the ensuing Battle of Waxhaws, Tarletons men butchered Bufords command, despite an American attempt to surrender, killing 113 and capturing 203. Of the captured men, 150 were too wounded to move and were left behind. Known as the Waxhaws Massacre to the Americans, it, along with his cruel treatment of the populace, cemented Tarletons image as a heartless commander. Through the remainder of 1780, Tarletons men pillaged the countryside instilling fear and earning him the nicknames Bloody Ban and Butcher. With Clintons departure after the capture of Charleston, the Legion remained in South Carolina as part of Cornwallis army. Serving with this command, Tarleton took part in the victory over Major General Horatio Gates at Camden on August 16. In the weeks that followed, he sought to suppress the guerrilla operations of Brigadier Generals Francis Marion and Thomas Sumter, but with no success. Marion and Sumters careful treatment of civilians earned them their trust and support, while Tarletons behavior alienated all those he encountered. Cowpens Instructed by Cornwallis in January 1781 to destroy an American command led by Brigadier General Daniel Morgan, Tarleton rode west seeking the enemy. Tarleton found Morgan at an area in western South Carolina known as the Cowpens. In the battle that followed on January 17, Morgan conducted a well-orchestrated double envelopment that effectively destroyed Tarletons command and routed him from the field. Fleeing back to Cornwallis, Tarleton fought in the Battle of Guilford Courthouse and later commanded raiding forces in Virginia. During a foray to Charlottesville, he unsuccessfully attempted to capture Thomas Jefferson and several members of the Virginia legislature. Later War Moving east with Cornwallis army in 1781, Tarleton was given command of the forces at Gloucester Point, across the York River from the British position at Yorktown. Following the American victory at Yorktown and Cornwallis capitulation in October 1781, Tarleton surrendered his position. In negotiating the surrender, special arrangements had to be made to protect Tarleton due to his unsavory reputation. After the surrender, the American officers invited all of their British counterparts to dine with them but specifically forbade Tarleton from attending. He later served in Portugal and Ireland. Politics Returning home in 1781, Tarleton entered politics and was defeated in his first election for Parliament. In 1782, after returning to England and supposedly on a bet with her current lover, Tarleton seduced Mary Robinson, ex-mistress of the Prince of Wales and a talented actress and poet: they would have a 15-year relationship, but never married and had no surviving children. In 1790, he won the election and went to London to serve as a member of Parliament for Liverpool. During his 21 years in the House of Commons, Tarleton largely voted with the opposition and was an ardent supporter of the slave trade. This support was largely due to his brothers and other Liverpudlian shippers involvement in the business. Mary Robinson wrote his speeches after he became a member of Parliament. Later Career and Death With Mary Robinsons assistance, in 1787 Tarleton wrote Campaigns of 1780–1781 in the Southern Provinces of North America, an apologia for his failings in the American Revolution, on which he blamed  Cornwallis. Despite Robinsons active role in his life by the late 18th century, Tarletons growing political career forced him to abruptly end his relationship with her. On December 17, 1798, Tarleton married Susan Priscilla Bertie, an illegitimate daughter of Robert Bertie, the 4th Duke of Lancaster. Tarleton had no surviving children in either relationship; although he did have an illegitimate daughter (Banina Georgiana Tarleston, 1797–1801) with a woman known as Kolima. Tarleton was made a general in 1812, and in 1815, he was created a Baronet and received a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath in 1820. Tarleton died in London on January 25, 1833.

Health care policy Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Health care policy - Coursework Example Consequently, the health care model of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) ensured that mental health parity was both protected and guaranteed (Rich, 2013). In 2009, Rep. Patrick Kennedy led a successful legislative endeavor to assure mental health parity (Rich, 2013). Due to Kennedy’s efforts, the legislation was integrated into the Affordable Care Act, which stipulated a basic benefits policy guaranteeing sufficient health services, including mental health privileges. Effective 2011, the ACA also introduced a new Medicaid state package option to allow subscribers with at least one critical and long-term mental health condition to nominate a mental health services provider as a health home (Rich, 2013). Effective October 2011 to December 2015, the ACA prescribed a novel demonstration initiative to pledge Medicaid remittances to mental health service providers for adult subscribers who need containment of exigent conditions. Based on a provision that became effective in 2010, the ACA facilitates the establishment of inter and multidisciplinary mental and behavioral health orientation initiatives (Walker, 2014). Finally, the ACA p romotes the creation of orientation programs that concentrate on primary care frameworks that incorporate mental and physical health amenities. Funds for this provision started in 2010 and are slated to end in December 2015 (Rich,

The Road to Hell Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Road to Hell - Essay Example They credited his actions for dynamic liberal regionalization program that led to success of the timely regionalization policy due to the good relation with the government (Gareth 817). The government had close relationship with Barracannia that later made it to be independent that contributed to critical and challenging attitude towards the role of foreign interest. The story of Road to Hell tries to evaluate peoples views towards issues related to racism in modern days. Issues related to racism is not easy to be solved using legalistic approaches, therefore, it requires deeper research and understanding to give pure proves that the human discrimination in relation to sex, skin color, origin has brought some major issues within a community, organization and even the societies. The story tries to explain how people from different cultures and backgrounds do not always take issues of diversity into consideration. Majority estimates each other by their own scales and perceptions that always lead to conflicts due to misunderstanding. According to the story, Baker appears to be a racist. However, people need to be educated on human right to be sensitive enough to have the feeling and immediate support should be provided to the victims by listening their views carefully and respect them.The main cause of racial discrimination has led to cross cultural misinterpretation that occurs when a person gives meaning to observation and their relationship (Adler 8). Some group see themselves superior than others which makes them have power to carry out racist. According to Pierce on Critical Race Theory, he came up with â€Å"one must not look for the gross and obvious† say that tried to explain the accumulation of today’s racism (Web). With reference to this theory, Baker has been viewed as a racist because Rennalls was correct in his evaluation between them and the acceptance of Rennalls

'Loser Pays' Rules Make A Comeback Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

'Loser Pays' Rules Make A Comeback - Article Example Under the current system, lawsuits have proven to be outrageously expensive for corporations. These lawsuits have generated up to $73 billion being paid by corporations, out of which a staggering amount of $17 billion has made its way into the pockets of plaintiff attorneys. Out of the latter, the plaintiffs fail to claim the amount that rightfully belongs to their corporation. The implemented taxes that should serve to protect shareholders instead cause more harm due to added litigation charges. Lawsuits are initiated because of a third party harming the corporations. These lawsuits add to the damage and do little to control the initial problems. Because there are no added costs involved, shareholders have been relentlessly filing lawsuits against the third parties that harm corporations. In such an event, the authorities have decided to implement a loser-pays rule. According to this rule, the party which loses in the trial has to pay the costs incurred by the winner as well. Since the trial never really subjects the parties to any costs whatsoever, through this rule, the shareholders will have to take precautions before going ahead with the lawsuit. This is because the probability of winning a trial is not definite for all cases. Therefore, shareholders are risking higher costs when initiating a lawsuit. If they lose, they will have to ‘compensate’ for the resulting costs incurred by the winning party. The loser-pays rule is very different from the American Rule applied in the United States. Under the latter, the long-term shareholders bear the costs of added litigation which are not obvious at the time of the trial. This rule is not new to economies as it has been the basis of shareholder lawsuits in the United Kingdom. If this rule is implemented it would alter the business model currently being followed by introducing actual financial risk. However, this rule needs to be implemented at the

Ethical decisions and informed consent Essay Example for Free

Ethical decisions and informed consent Essay In all counseling programs meant for children and adolescents, it is very important that the parents be involved. The parents would require knowing the results of the psychological analysis, most probably in concern for the well being of their wards. However, in certain cases, the children or the adolescents might not intent the parents to know the details of their case. Like an adult patient, the child patient would want to ensure confidentiality of their case. However, it is also important to know that the child would not be in a position to make a proper decision regarding their treatment. Hence, it is very important to ensure that confidentiality exists to a limited extent in such cases. The counselors would have to protect the adolescent and the teenager regarding the individual case. They have to maintain strict confidentiality and should not inform anybody about the details of their case. However, the counselor would also have to inform the parent, as the parents are in the best position in making a valuable decision about their wards. The child or adolescent may be acting out of immaturity in these cases. It is also important to keep in mind that issues regarding the sexual activity of the child and the interventions required for the treatment of a sexually transmitted disease differs from one state to another. Certain issues such as abuse, neglect, presence of any risk or danger to others, etc, have to be reported to the parents. The counselor should be aware that the parents have rights of the children. Only the relevant information has to be disclosed to the parents so that they can make an informed decision for the welfare of their wards. The information presented should be accurate and comprehensive. In this case the parents would have to be informed if any case of neglect, abuse, harm to the child, etc is present. Treatment of a sexually transmitted disease may have to be reported in case the child may cause the risk of transmitting it to other people. The counselor should also try to determine if any danger is present for the 15-year-old client from any other party. If any such danger were present, the counselor would have to ensure that the child is adequately protected by informing the parents. In all cases, the counselor, to determine the need for informing the parents, should conduct a thorough assessment of the situation.

Justice often masks an occurrence of injustice in many forms and in :: English Literature

Justice often masks an occurrence of injustice in many forms and in the crucible by Arthur Miller, the leaders of Salem, believe that the way that they are dealing with people of strange happenings is right and just but is actually wrong and unjust. Justice can be defined as the right and moral decision and general beliefs. Injustice can be defined as unfairness and a lack of justice. Someone who is done by an injustice may have been judged to harshly. In "The Crucible" by Arthur Miller, the target audience is young adults to the older generation. This play is based on real events which occurred in 1692. The Crucible is saying that in Salemat this time there is very little justice, this is shown when Hale says "Goody Proctor, I have gone this three month like our lord into the wilderness. I have sought a Christian way, for damnations doubled on a minister who counsels men to lie." In this Hale is saying that he no longer follows the beliefs of Salem and he now follows the beliefs of Christianity. Justice is conveyed in Arthur Miller's "The Crucible" by having a character like Hale, who comes into Salem as a man who strongly believes that accusing and hanging people because of witchcraft is right and just, but he later realizes that what he believes is wrong and unjust. He then decides to change his ways. Also at the end of Act 1, there are many quick accusations being made which leaves the reader in suspense and a long wanting to know what will happen to all these people who were accused. The leaders of Salem believe that what they are doing is right and just, but in reality it is an injustice. This is how justice can often mask injustice. Justice often being masked by an injustice can also be seen in the text "Justice without a Conscience." This text is showing a statue of Lady Justice, who usually represents, Anti-discrimination, fairness and justice, is now representing discrimination, unfairness and injustice by the statue not wearing a blindfold which allows her to be discriminative against people, her scales are unbalanced which would make things unfair. Also the blindfold is pulled over her mouth stopping her from speaking which represents that justice is not always heard. There is a man passed out at the base of the statue. This is using a high angle shot to show that the man is very insignificant and lady justice is large and very important. Another text which shows justice being masked by an injustice is a cartoon where an upper class man has just shot a woman, killing her.

Kindred Spirits Hotel †Case study Essay

Identify and Define the Problem: Before Greta became the owner of the Kindred Spirits Hotel, there had always been a comfortable, family atmosphere, but this was turned upside down by her presence. She was cold and uncommunicative. She would yell at the employees and reprimand them in front of employees and guests. She also insisted not working the breakfast shift. This was hard on the staff because major decisions needed to be made at that time and Greta was unavailable. As well, she fired three workers to cut costs. However, the work needing to be done did not decrease, she just expected everyone to do more. This made it difficult to feed guests breakfast, check out guests, and clean the rooms before new guests arrived. Most days, new guests had to wait for their rooms. Sometimes, they left and went to other hotels. Revenues were down 18% over last year at this time and profits had decreased 25%. Greta immediately cancelled all bonuses and cut back on the benefits offered to employees. The problem is that Greta’s attitude, work ethic & style have tarnished the hotel’s reputation and operation. As a result, the workers’ morale has been diminished to an all-time low. Generate and Evaluate Possible Solutions: Greta has to do a self-reflection and adapt to the environment to which the rest of the employees have become accustomed. She needs to treat the staff with respect and to stop yelling at them. In addition, Greta needs to become more of a team player. She needs to lose the attitude that she is superior because she is the boss and pitch in and help herself. She needs to be available particularly in the morning, as that is when decisions are made and it is the busiest and most critical part of the day. Greta may also consider hiring back those employees she released, in an effort to get the work done, thus better servicing the guests. This would also improve staff morale. If she were to admit she made a mistake and were to apologize for her behaviour, she might win back some of the employees’ respect and improve morale. There is a cost to hiring back the employees, but this additional cost should be offset by an increase in bookings due to improved service. The hotel was profitable when the staff was all employed there working for the previous owner. What needs to be changed is her treatment of the staff. She should hold a meeting with the staff to explain the changes and her actions, outlining that things will be better in the future. You might say, â€Å"How fast will the benefits occur and will a positive impact be achieved?† Most of these alternatives will take effect right away, but in order to increase the revenue and profit we are looking at long-term goals. The staff should support these entire solutions listed above because no matter how you look at it, Greta has to give back to the hotel. All of these alternatives will rekindle the staff’s morale, giving them the boost they need to do a hard day’s work. The hotel will prosper once again. If Greta can’t adapt then she should sell the business to someone who can make the business a more profitable one. She might also consider promoting Greg to manage the hotel and delegate total authority to him, removing herself from the operations. The staff respect Greg and have worked well with him in the past. Greg has had plenty of experience having these priorities before – in the last two years the previous owner had left much of the management decisions up to him. This would re-motivate the staff. Choose a solution In order to successfully address the problems herself, Greta needs to recognize that she herself is the problem. She also needs to be able to modify her behaviour and attitude. If she cannot do this, a successful implementation is not possible. Problem #2 Identify and Define the Problem: The second problem is parking. The city of Stratford had had complaints from neighbours about this. The hotel only had11 parking spaces and the overflow parked on the street. The town council was debating cancelling overnight parking on the street. This would have a dramatic impact on the hotel. In two weeks there would be a council meeting and Greg suggested he attend in Greta’s place but she screamed at him saying that she was in charge and how dare he try to undermine her authority. Greg had enough. He threatened to quit and walked out of the hotel. Generate and Evaluate Possible Solutions: Greta has to resolve her issues with Greg foremost and apologize for making those remarks. Greg is well respected by the staff and has been working in this business for fifteen years, so he should have her respect too. Since Greta couldn’t make any progress with the city council and has alienated them with her remarks, she should give Greg a shot and let him speak, or discuss his ideas beforehand so she can present his views at the meeting. If Greg walks out on her, other employees might follow. It is very important that she does not lose Greg, who is a valuable asset to the hotel and her business, else her problems may escalate. Greta could call a meeting with the staff and brainstorm together. 11 spaces are not enough for their guests to park. If they are unsuccessful with city council, they could expand their capacity by renting more property, build an underground garage or designate an area for parking. One spot per employee, one spot per guest. If an indoor garage were to be built, additional expenses would be incurred. The hotel might approach the city to help cover these additional costs. To earn money back, a fee should be charged for the use of the garage. Choose a Solution The easiest and most economical solution is for city council to grant parking on the street. The best chances for this happening would be if Greg were to present the hotel’s case at the council meeting. Greta should recommend that Greg attend. If this fails, the hotel should negotiate to pay for additional parking, where the costs are passed on to the hotel guests using the parking facilities.

Psychological disorders and physical illness Essay

Irrational fear of common things leads to their inability to cope with life because the things that they fear have to be faced everyday. The most common disorders include phobias, In the medical field, many factors are attributed to the various conditions that people experience. Although genetic and biological factors which constitute of the natural causes and the life experiences which are the nurture factors contribute to ones physical wellbeing, it is also possible that a majority of illnesses that people suffer from are brought about by psychological factors. Heart diseases, chronic headaches, insomnia, hypertension, ulcers, eating disorders among others are some of the diseases that can be caused by psychological factors (Stoudemire A. 1995). It has been established that when one’s stress levels are very high, it reduces the activity of the lymphocytes leading to an increased likelihood of illness (Sadock B J. , Kaplan H. I. & Sadock V. A. ). A person suffering from a psychological disorder will most likely have feelings of helplessness in any given situation causing them to suffer even from common illnesses more than others will. To aid the patients suffering from these disorders, one can only recommend relaxation techniques while providing anti-depressants to control their response to life’s normal occurrences. A person with a disorder tends to react in a more intense manner than other would in similar situations. This causes an imbalance in their bodily functions leading to their contracting illnesses that would have otherwise been avoided. It also affects their chances of getting better from any other illness that they may be suffering from. The disorders include anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorders and panic (Ketterer M. W. , Mahr G`. & Goldberg A. D. ). These render a person powerless against their fears and in the process affect their wellbeing.

How to format a business document

How to format a business document Hook your reader: 5 killer formatting tips to get your document read Theres nothing like it, is there? That satisfying moment when you finally finish the document youve been working on for days. Youve done the research, youve marshalled your facts and youve made it through the hardest part: getting it down on paper. Job done. But hold on. Before you attach it to an email, send it and celebrate, ask yourself: how does it look? Your documents presentation may seem like a small point. Yet it could be the difference between your hard work being read and acted on or it being put aside for a later that never comes. You may well have been hunched over a hot keyboard slaving away on it all week. Its only natural that you should think its a must-read, which would capture the readers attention even if it were printed on the back of a till receipt from Lidl. But dont be fooled. Very few documents genuinely fall into that category – especially in a world where too much information is more of a problem than too little. The appearance of your document is the first impression your would-be reader gets. So it needs to hook them in and encourage them to read on. Theres nothing very enticing about a wall of text, tiny fonts or endless tables. We talk a lot on this blog about how to make your writing more readable. But no matter how compelling your words may be, theyll be wasted if they go unread. So here are five proven document-formatting techniques that will stop your work being thrown back into the sea of other discarded documents and make sure what youve written actually gets read. 1) White space is not wasted space White space is simply anywhere on the page where there is no text or images. Dont be fooled into thinking this space is wasted. Wider margins are your friend. They reduce the length of each individual line of text, making your writing easier for your readers eyes to scan. And they create mental breathing space* that makes the whole document more pleasant to read. *(We know thats not a thing, but you get the idea.) Newspapers have been using this trick for a very long time – its why they use narrow columns. Pick up a newspaper and youll probably find yourself tempted to read something on the page, and the easy-to-read appearance of the text in narrow columns is a big reason for this. Of course, most of us have been tempted at some point to make a documents margins narrower and lines of text longer, in order to reduce the overall length. So a document that was once three-and-a-half pages will instantly become a nice round three. (We even had one client proudly tell us how consultants had redesigned their templates to reduce margins down to a minimum, to save paper.) But this is a bad idea. Yes, youll hand over a document with fewer pages – but every one of those pages will look less professional and be more difficult to read. Better to use more paper than waste all of it. So avoid the temptation to squeeze as much text onto a page as possible – your reader will thank you for it. Were not suggesting that you use newspaper-like columns; just that you consider making the margins a bit wider and the body text a little narrower than you might otherwise do. 2) Use fonts well Our top tip on this topic is to avoid overthinking it. There are lots of business-appropriate fonts available. Youre faced with lots of good choices, so youre unlikely to go far wrong. Weve written about the best fonts for business documents in more detail before, but heres a quick summary: Both serif fonts (eg Garamond or Times New Roman) or sans-serif fonts (eg Helvetica or Arial) are fine for business documents. Try pairing fonts: use one kind of font for the headlines and subheads, and another for the body text. If youre using a serif font for the body text, try using a sans-serif font for the headlines, or vice versa. And resist the urge to use too many different fonts: no more than two on a page is a good rule of thumb. You can also try pairing two fonts from the same font family; for example, using Lucida Bright for the headings and Lucida Sans for the body text. 3) Use headlines and subheads as signposts Headlines and subheads are crucial signposts for the reader. Used effectively, they can summarise the entire story of a document by themselves and guide the reader through your most important points. They also break up large blocks of text, which can be hugely off-putting. Format headlines and subheads in bold (and in a larger font size if you like). In the documents we analyse for participants in our courses, we often see people using underline for subheads (or bold and underline). But this isnt necessary and can look cluttered or old-fashioned. Bold is enough by itself. We also frequently see people using subheads that are an equal distance from the paragraph that preceded them and the paragraph that comes after them. This gives the subheads the appearance of floating halfway between the two paragraphs.  So make sure there is more space before a subhead than there is below it. This will make clear that the subhead is for the paragraph below it. 4) Use lists and tables carefully Lists are an effective way to draw the eye, but thats probably why theyre frequently overused. Always bear in mind that each extra list that you add reduces the impact of every other list on the page. Some documents even consist mainly of lists – probably because theyre easy to write. But whats easier for the author is much harder for the reader. Such documents are disjointed and therefore usually difficult to follow. Tables are often a handy substitute for lists, as well as a neat way to format straightforward information. Theyre especially useful if you need to compare two or more things directly, against the same criteria. (For example, you might need to compare sales figures or possible outcomes of different courses of action.) When formatting tables, avoid using gridlines that run close to the text. Instead, insert space above and below it (using the paragraph formatting menu, if youre using Microsoft Word). And experiment with taking out vertical – or even all – internal gridlines. The extra space around the information should make it easier to read. You can differentiate long rows by shading every other one. In Word, you can do this by going to Table tools → Design. 5) Draw attention with boxes Boxes can form a vital entry-point into your document. Do you have a fact or piece of information that you know will interest your reader? A box will help you make the most of that. On the other hand, boxes are also a good place to put information that doesnt easily fit into the natural flow of your body text. Remember that a box needs to make sense on its own, as it will probably be read before the main text. You can make a box stand out by giving it a different font to the rest of the text (but remember to stick to a maximum of two fonts in your document), or by using background shading. And, as ever, remember to give the text plenty of space (white or otherwise) around it. Text crammed inside a small box will look very uninviting, defeating the point of separating it from the rest of the document. No design experience needed You might be surprised at the big impact small tweaks like these can have. So keep these simple rules in mind when you write your next document. When youve put them in place, youll have a much more readable document to hand over. And, when youre finished, you really will be able to say, job done. Image credit: Rapala fishing lures by Chau kar Man used under CC BY-NC-SA / cropped from original